1985-1990

=1985 - 1990 = = = = = =**__COLD WAR__**=

====**__1987- INF Treaty:__ ** In the late 1980's, the leaders of the United States attempted negotiations with the Soviet Union asking them to eliminate their nuclear weapons. Ronald Reagan met with Soviet Secretary Gorbachev, and they both agreed to limit the number of nuclear weapons. They also decided that the weapons they did have wouldn't be deployed anywhere in Europe. In December of 1987- the INF treaty was signed by both sides: the United States and the Soviet Union. INF stands for intermediate-range nuclear forces. The purpose of the INF treaty was to eliminate all intermediate-range nuclear weapons as well as short range nuclear weapons. The signing of this treaty was extremely significant. The United States and the Soviet Union were ready to negotiate and willing to find peace with the other. This treaty alleviated the fears of being bombed by the other side and led the two nations to a more peaceful coexistence.====

**Secondary Document >>** INF TREATY
====This secondary document thoroughly explains what the INF treaty is, the years leading up to the treaty, the years after the treaty was signed, and the events concerning the INF treaty that all occurred during this time period.====

====**__1987- Berlin Wall Comes Down:__ ** President Ronald Reagan gives a speech declaring that the Berlin Wall needs to be brought down. This was an important moment during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 for the purpose of dividing East and West Germany. The East allied with Soviet Union while the West allied with the United States and other democratic nations. Not only was it a physical boundary blocking one side from the other, but it also had a symbolic meaning- The intense divide between the Communist and Capitalist countries during the height of the Cold War. In 1989, East Germany was suffering from a horrible economy and their downfall was expected. Ronald Reagan's speech influenced many into thinking that Germany should be united into one nation and in November of 1989, German citizens began breaking down the wall without the approval of the government. November 9th, 1989 the border between East and West Germany was officially eradicated. The falling of the Berlin Wall is one of the events that signaled the official ending of the Cold War.====

>> [|DOWN WITH THE WALL]
====This primary document includes the transcript of Ronald Reagan's "Berlin Wall" speech. This was an extremely significant speech because it called for the tearing down of the Berlin Wall- a wall that had separated the East from the West; the Capitalist allies from the Communist side. In this speech, Reagan actually calls out Gorbachev, "General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" This calling out demands action and requires Gorbachev to make some sort of response. His response in fact is to allow the wall to be torn down.====

1989- The Berlin Wall comes down
//**Links to pictures**:// [|newspaper] [|deconstruction] [|crowd] A London Herald newspaper reporting the significant fall of the wall that had divided Berlin for years. This event was huge and effected everyone around the world weather under communism or not. The two photographs above show the amazing progress that the country had made by demolishing the Berlin Wall. People from both sides of the wall had gathered around in waits for its termination. People even climbed to the top's of the untouched part's of the wall to watch in amazement. They cheered with joy as they watched the machines tear down the structure; it was the push to the end of the cold war and a push towards the end of Communism.

=__ECONOMIC__=

==**October 1987-** //__Black Monday__:// the stock market collapsed, a collapse that was even larger than the stock market crash of 1929. Unlike the crash in 1929, the economy handled Black Monday fairly well and the stock market quickly recovered.==

>> [|Events and Economy 1987] This secondary source tries to explain some of the causes for the Black Monday stock market crash of 1987. A large percentage of investors in the stock market claimed that one reason was market psychology. It says that there were not any fundamental economic changes that led to the crash, but instead smaller reasons that added up to the crash. A price decline caused some investors to pull out of the market; then other investors began reacting to those investors, and a large chain reaction happened ultimately causing the worst stock market crash in the history of the United States. This secondary source continues to explain several of the theories that are believed to explain the cause of Black Monday.
 * Secondary Source:**

>> [|New York Times Article]
 * Primary Document:**

This Article in the New York Times was published December 30th of 1987. The article talks about the changes that are to come for the United States and its' economy. It speaks of the transformation that is going underway; changing so that we produce more goods than we buy. This is predicted to help lower the debts that have only been accruing as the United States has imported much more than it exports. It speaks of the rise in exporting goods and the positive influence that is expected to have on the economy in 1988. This is significant because only a few months ago there was a horrible stock market crash, yet the United States' economic health is predicted to be positive for the future. Unlike the stock market crash that led to the Great Depression, economists are predicting positive change for the United States' economy.

=Here is a chart stating the economic facts of 1985. It includes life expectancy, federal debt, unemployment and prices.=

|| Ronald W. Reagan || Population: ** || 237,923,795 || Federal spending: ** || $946.39 billion ||
 * **ECONOMY** ||
 * 
 * President:**
 * ** Vice President: ** || George Bush ||
 * ** Life expectancy: ** || 74.7 years ||
 * ** Federal debt: ** || $1817.5 billion ||
 * ** Inflation: ** || 3.6% ||
 * ** Consumer Price Index: ** || 107.6 ||
 * ** Unemployment: ** || 7.5% ||
 *  **PRICES** ||
 * Cost of a new home: || $100,800.00 ||
 * Median Household Income: || $23,618.00 ||
 * Cost of a first-class stamp: || $0.20 ||
 * Cost of a gallon of regular gas: || $1.20 ||
 * Cost of a dozen eggs: || $0.80 ||
 * Cost of a gallon of Milk: || $2.26 ||

=Here is a chart stating the economic facts of 1990 .= Population: ** || 249,438,712 || Federal spending: ** || $1252.52 billion ||
 * ~ ** Economy ** ||
 * **ECONOMY ** ||
 * ** President: ** || George Bush ||
 * ** Vice President: ** || Dan Quayle ||
 * ** Life expectancy: ** || 75.4 years ||
 * ** Federal debt: ** || $3206.6 billion ||
 * ** Inflation: ** || 5.4% ||
 * ** Consumer Price Index: ** || 130.7 ||
 * ** Unemployment: ** || 5.3% ||


 * **PRICES** ||
 * Cost of a new home: || $149,800.00 ||
 * Median Household Income: || $29,943.00 ||
 * Cost of a first-class stamp: || $0.25 ||
 * Cost of a gallon of regular gas: || $1.16 ||
 * Cost of a dozen eggs: || $1.00 ||
 * Cost of a gallon of Milk: || $2.78

||

While comparing the two years that are on either ends of the spectrum of the years assigned, I discovered some interesting things. Unemployment lowers as the years pass, while federal debt piles higher as the years go on. The price of products are higher in 1990 than in 1985, as well as the average household income being higher. In the span of 5 years, the life expectancy rate goes up by almost a full year due to the advancements in technology, medicine and science. In five years, the population also rises. Due to the inflation rate raising each year, prices only get higher.

>> [|1985] >> [|1990]
 * LINK TO CHARTS:**

=__CIVIL RIGHTS__=


 * ABORTION 1989-** The right for a woman to have an abortion was made illegal in 1973, but over a decade later, the fight for it's ban was still strong. Many people, known as "pro-life" argued that a child was living at the point of conception and that no woman had the right to terminate that child's life. The people under the "pro-choice" sector protect the right of a woman to have or abort her child and believed that making abortion illegal would result in many 'mother' fatalities. Many abortion seeking woman would go to great lengths to get it, even if that meant risking their health. The Supreme Court case in 1989 //Webster v. Reproductive Health Care Services// made it so that each state had the ability to limit woman's abortion rights, causing these limitations and restrictions to vary. This ruling was significant to this time period because it gave the state's the ability to limit woman's rights and in some cases gave them no right to an abortion at all. It gave the government the power to control the right that had previously belonged to women.

**[|TIME Cover Story]** TIME magazine, a well respected magazine among many decided to do a cover story on the __//Webster v. Reproductive Health Care Services//__ and the right for a woman to have an abortion. The Cover story which can be viewed from the link above, explains the significance of the trial and its ending verdict. Interestingly enough, it also goes over the 'war' like situation among the "//pro-life"// and the //"pro-choice".// The magazine does a great job with its unbiased opinion on the topic and getting out the straight fact __ [|Court Documents] __ The link above is the link to the court documents for the //Webster v. Reproductive Health Care Services//. These documents show the outcomes of the case and the events that happened throughout.

**New Right-** The New Right organization was formed in the 1970's as a group of intelligent people working together to discuss and act upon issues relating to culture, social, and moral issues. One issue being the equal rights act which was an act that would give the same rights to all. Many disregarded and rejected the laws that helped out the minorities which gave them the equal rights in the work place, including the rights to women. For some reason they felt it was "reverse discrimination" because it was competition for, predominantly, white men. Following the actions from this act, people started to believe that prayer should be allowed in school. This group of people also wanted to restrict homosexual behavior and block pornography, to uphold traditional conservative family values. Overall, the New Right Organization had strived for a conservative government and culture. [|Business and Professional Women] Above is an ad from Business and Professional Women, a group that believed woman should be treated the same in the work place. This group worked towards getting woman better pay for their hard work. The above ad is an ad from their Red Purse Campaign of 1987. The campaign helped the organization fight hard for better and equal pay for women in the workplace. The women carrying around their 'red purses' attracted numerous amounts of media attention causing their views to spread and action to be taken. San Fransisco became the first city to take part in the pay equity movement.

=**__TECHNOLOGY__-**=
 * Challenger 1986-** Space shuttle //Challenger// exploded in 1986 only 76 seconds into flight, due to a leak in the Solid Rocket Boosters, killing all seven crew members on board. The crew members were some of the most diverse group of crew members NASA had ever seen, it included a variety of races and both genders.. Many people around the world tuned into the television to watch the shocking event in history.

[|Challenger Space Shuttle Explosion] [|Explosion Photograph] [|Crew Members] The Link above is the link to see the video of the tragic explosion. Below that is the photograph taken from a ground observer after the explosion had occurred. The amount of smoke was massive and the sight was beyond believable. The last picture is the photograph of the Challenger 1986 crew members taken before the lift-off. This was such a huge event because this was a new form of technology and the fact that we were traveling more often into space was incredible, but when this explosion happened, it was kind of an eye opener to our technology.

= = =__CULTURE__= = = =FAMILY: = Family life during 1985-1990 was incredibly different compared to earlier decades. Divorces, unmarried couples living together, and single parent families became more and more common. Women earned college degrees, married later and had fewer children. Families now had two sources of income, not just the head male of the family being the sole earner like in previous decades. During this time period it also is becoming more acceptable for men to stay at home while the women go out to work. These American values were often portrayed in TV sitcoms such as **Growing Pains** or **Who's the Boss.**



Links to the photographs above: >> [|WHO'S THE BOSS] >> [|GROWING PAINS]

=HEALTH:<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> =

<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">**1985-**
====<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> The first blood test for AIDS approved and licensed by the FDA. There is conflict between some whether the results of these blood tests should remain private or not, especially for people who tested positive. There was still much confusion about the disease and fears about transmission led to major prejudice. There was the fear of transmission by drinking off the same glass as someone with the disease. The lack of solid information about the disease caused many Americans to pull their children out of school. By the end of 1985, 20,000 cases of AIDS had been reported to the World Health Organization.====

<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">**1986-**
====<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"> There is a disagreement about the name of the virus and in 1986 it is decided to be HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The first publicized case of an employer discriminating against a worker with HIV is made known and is decided to be a violation of civil rights. The World Health Organization leader makes a speech predicting that 10 million people could be infected with HIV. Also, a new drug is identified as being able to slow down the affects of HIV/AIDS.====

<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">**1987-**
====44,000 cases of AIDS is reported to the World Health Organization. Countries all over the world make it a priority to inform people about HIV/AIDS. It is discovered that HIV can be passed from mother to child through breast milk. People with HIV/AIDS in America find themselves subject to more and more acts of prejudice. People argued whether HIV and AIDS were connected and many didn't think that HIV caused AIDS.====

<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">**1988-** The World Health Organization declares that there will be an annual World AIDS Day, celebrated every year on December 1st. The United States starts an AIDS awareness campaign. A booklet, "Understanding AIDS" by Surgeon General C. Everett Koop is sent to millions of Americans. Frustration grew as finding drugs to treat the disease weren't quickly obtained.

<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">**1989-** A new drug is approved by the FDA for the treatment of AIDS. There are 142,000 cases of HIV/AIDS reported to the World Health Organization. The estimated number of people who have the disease was 400,000 and predicted to rise even higher. The drug AZT is now available to the public, yet prices are extremely high.

<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">**1990-** The Ryan White CARE Act is passed by Congress. It aims to improve the availability as well as quality of care for families with HIV/AIDS. The United States has policy of refusing to allow travelers into the country if found out to have HIV/AIDS. 307,000 cases of AIDS are reported to the World Health Organization. It is estimated that 8-10 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS.

Primary Document: "Understanding AIDS" >> >> [|AIDS BOOKLET] >> There were 107 million copies of this booklet made and it was sent to millions of Americans. It was written by Surgeon General C. Everett Koop. This booklet contained correct information about AIDS; information about how you can be infected, who it infects, the risky behaviors that could lead to infection and other information. This booklet was vital at the time because many Americans didn't have the correct information and therefore much prejudice and fear was affecting the lives of Americans in a negative way. The booklet helped alleviate fears, break down prejudices and give information which led towards prevention. >> >> >> >> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">

<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">
=<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">MUSIC: =

Rap music really becomes popular during the late 80's and early 90's. Rap had been around since the late 1970's, but the 80's was the era when it became more commercialized and widely known. Rap artists and groups that paved the way include: Run DMC, M.C. Hammer, Milli Vanilli and L.L. Cool J.

The rising of political hip hop groups such as Public Enemy, in 1982, and Boogie Down Productions, in 1986, brought another level to the newly established rap industry. Songs like "Fight the Power" and "Don't Believe the Hype" by Public Enemy proved that rap music could be revolutionary and intelligent, not just lyrics about street life, gangs and drugs.

Links to these pictures: >>[| Run DMC] >>[| Public Enemy]



>> >> [|Don't Believe the Hype] >> >> [|Fight the Power]
 * Links to the Lyrics of two Public Enemy songs:**

These songs by Public Enemy were a different kind of rap music than what America had been hearing. The lyrics had depth and meaning and brought issues into the light. This type of music was a way to incorporate beliefs and opinions and broadcast those beliefs out to a large audience. In the song "Fight the Power", it has some controversial lines: //"Elvis was a hero to most/ But he never meant shit to me/ You see, straight-up racist that sucker was"//

These lines claim that Elvis Presley, an American Rock N' Roll icon, was a racist. Public Enemy wasn't afraid to cross boundaries laid down by previous music groups and this band paved the way for other rap artists to follow.

Below is our Bibliography :
1986, Challenger. “Challenger Explosion.” 23 Jan. 1986. __Space-Video__. 8 June 2009 <http://www.space-video.info/‌shuttle/‌challenger-sts51l.html>. “The Crew Challenger Shuttle Mission 1986.” __Nasa History__. NASA. 8 June 2009 <http://history.nasa.gov/‌Biographies/‌challenger.html>. Danzer, Gerald A, Ph.D, et al. “The Conservative TIde.” __The American’s__. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell Inc., 2000. 977-1003. “Events and The Economy 1987.” __Lope Markets__. 2002. Lope. 8 June 2009 <http://www.lope.ca/‌markets/‌1987crash/‌events.html>. “The Foundation of Legacy.” __istory Of Business and Professional Women/__‌__USA__. 2003-2005. Business and Profesional Women. 8 June 2009 <http://www.mtrbpw.org/‌files/‌index.php?id=7>. Hershey, Robert, Jr. “American Economy Is Reported Shifting To Exports to Grow.” __Business__. Rpt. of “American Economy Is Reported Shifting To Exports to Grow.” __New York Times__ [New York City] 30 Dec. 1987: 1-2. __New York Times__. 8 June 2009 <American Economy Is Reported Shifting To Exports to Grow>. “History of AIDS .” __1987-1992__. AVERT. 8 June 2009 <http://www.avert.org/‌aids-history87-92.htm>. Koop, C. Everrett. __Understanding AIDS__. 1988. 8 June 2009 <http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/‌QQ/‌B/‌D/‌R/‌L/‌_/‌qqbdrl.pdf>. “1980’s Flashback - Economy and Prices.” __1980’s Flashback - Economy and Prices__. 2001. 1980’s Flashback. 8 June 2009 <http://www.1980sflashback.com/‌1985/‌Economy.asp>. “1990’s Flashback- Economy/‌Prices.” __1990’s Flashback!__ 2001. 8 June 2009 <http://www.1990sflashback.com/‌1990/‌Economy.asp>. Public, Enemy. “Public Enemy - Don’t Believe The Hype.” 8 June 2009 <http://www.publicenemy.com/‌index.php?page=page5&item=9&num=42>. “Ronald Raegan Remarks At the Brandenburg Gate.” __American Rhetoric__. American Rhetoric. 8 June 2009 <http://history.nasa.gov/‌Biographies/‌challenger.html>. US Supreme Court. US Supreme Court. __WEBSTER v. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES, 492 U.S. 490 (1989)__. 8 June 2009 <http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/‌cgi-bin/‌getcase.pl?court=us&vol=492&invol=490>. Whitely, Peggy. “American Cultural History.” __Culltural History__. 8 June 2009 <http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/‌decade80.html>. “Whose Life Is It?” __TIME Magazine__ 1 May 1989: 1-7. __TIME__. 8 June 2009 <http://www.time.com/‌time/‌magazine/‌article/‌0,9171,957559-1,00.html>. __Who’s The Boss__. 1985-1990. 8 June 2009 <http://purestyledc.com/‌wp-content/‌uploads/‌whos-the-boss-240x300.jpg>.

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