1955-1960

**Civil Rights:** 1955 : Rosa Parks: In a group called NAACP- national association for the advancement of colored people. She was known for getting many awards for sticking up for her race. Soon after, she refused to give up her seat on bus to a white man in 1955 which led to the beginnings of the grass-roots campaign in the South against segregation. Parks had said that she would give it up to younger children or elderly people but not to a white man after her long day at work. Rosa was tired of racism and wanted her own rights to be able to sit even if she was black. Rosa was arrested due to her commitment, forty years after. Rosa still believes there's room for improvement in the race department. Rosa ran “the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development” to teach kids to stand up for themselves and the children really looked up to her because she was very influential towards them. After the trial was over, Rosa and Raymond lost their jobs due to the boycott. People will remember her because she bailed them out for being "different." Racism got way out of hand when The Supreme Court's ruling of 1954 on Brown resulted in a massive backlash in the southern states against desegregation. Southern Manifesto, issued in March 1956 signed by all but three southern congressman. The main purpose of this ruling was to rouse white voters in defense of state's rights against Federal interference, to defend the separation of the races, and to encourage political unity against further segregation. Park's strong determination led many other organizations to stop hate such as the Montgomery Improvement Association, The Southern Christian Leadership Coalition, The Student Non- Violent Co-ordinating Committee as well as many more. It's safe to say that racism led a major role in the 1955-1960 society, and brave people like Rosa Parks, were valiant enough to fight against it. The picture on the left, shows Ms. Rosa Parks sitting on the bus next to a white man. This was very bold, and often unseen at that time period. Usually, African Americans were made to stand at the back of the bus. The picture on the right is a photograph of Ms. Parks in her older age. The saying was meant to uplift the hearts of African Americans from the physical and verbal abuse.


 * http://www.grandtimes.com/rosa.html ]http://www.grandtimes.com/rosa.html**

Technology: During the time period 1955-1960 technology boomed. The United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a competition called the space race. The space race began in 1957 when the Soviet launched the very first artificial satellite, Sputnik. Both of the countries wanted to win in order to prove their scientific superiority and military strength. Television also became more popular in family homes. Approximately nine out of ten television families watched the debates, with more than half tuning in for at least three of the four. Computers became vastly more advanced such as the WRU Searching Selector, NS, NCR 304, and many more. Nuclear forces became more powerful such as the development of flight re-fueling, rocket assisted take-off installation, defense against infra-red homing missiles, and Long range guided bombs. Not to mention the first scientific study of the library use of periodicals in 1956. It was later named the Urquhart's Law, after Donald J. Urquhart, that mainly discussed the probability and the management of scientific and technical journal collections. All in all, technology grew greatly specifically in space technology, computers, nuclear power, and televisions.

The Phelans, one of many American families across the country, watched the first televised debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon. This picture shows how television was becoming more popular in homes all across America. []

Cold War: The Cold War had shaped many lives. Facilities were constantly evolving to process new types of spent nuclear fuel and eventually process materials from nearly 100 different reactors. Aluminum, zirconium, stainless steel, and graphite were among the most commonly processed material at the plant. Americans were trying desperately to prove to themselves, as well as to everyone else, that they were more technically advanced than anyone, especially the Soviets. In order to portray this image, they re-used any material to form weapons as in bombs, missiles, guns, and others. Any left over money from the people went straight into war. In 1955, when the most critical phase of the Cold War was over Russia and the United States had organized their satellites into opposing alliances. Political tension between the East and the West continued. However, by 1956 relations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.(Soviet Union) were improving. During the Hungarian revolt, the United States did nothing to assist the Hungarian rioters. In the Suez crisis, the United States didn't help the British and the French in their attack on Egypt. The United States instead accompanied the Soviet Russia in the Anglo-French attack. Finally, around 1960 acceptance swept the East and the West. Both the United States and the Soviet Union seemed to have an agreement.


 * http://econopundit.com/uploaded_images/_burden-735852.GIF**

The Graph above shows the countries spending of Gross National Product during the years 1950-2001. As you can see, around the 1950's the Gross National Product decreased, but by 1955, it gradually rose until the peak of its time around 1975. Kennedy (USA) and Russian leader Khrushchev (USSR) in negotiation. Because of their disagreements on their views to run a good country, the two had to come to some kind of agreement. In this picture, their 'satellites' did not fully support their leader; the United States and the Soviet Union, it made political sense for both of the Super-Powers to improve their relations. Culture:  McDonald's first began in 1955, by Ray Kroc, when they opened their first fast-food restaurant in Illinois. Since 1955, McDonald's Corporation has made over 25,000 McDonald's restaurants. They are one of the biggest and most popular fast food restaurants in the world.They have expanded quite tremendously They are in almost 120 other countries. McDonald's has sold over 100 million hamburgers since they first opened. They are also known for there french fries.They make over 6.8 million pounds a day.


 * http://www.teenanalyst.com/young30/mcd.html**

This picture shows the sign of macdonalds to the left. The picture to the right shows the people eating there and there intake that they have when eating there. As you can see, these two little kids are eating quite a bit on just one meal.

Economics: An issue in this time was Air pollution.The Bay Area Air Pollution Control set a law to help fix this problem and technology also helped speed up this process ( in the lab). This took down a lot of pollution issues that people were having which was there goal so people would stop complaining. Also another issue was that the the United States wanted to encourage free trade throughout the world. The Soviet Union wanted to shield off itself from international commerce. Russia feared that trade with the West would involve the risk of Russia being opened to western influences which would have influenced the strength of the totalitarian government. These differences led to friction between the United States and the Soviet Union. Another thing that happened in this time peirod is computer and housing industries expanded. People needed the technology of a computer to mostly get them through there days at work and for other things at home. Housing expanded because more people were buying houses to continue their lives.

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In this picture above, it shows the air being polluted and it makes downs and cities smell and also get infected. These were the reasons on why people were making such a big problem over it and thats why the law got put into place in the late 1950's. This other picture comic represents the housing development stage. This comic goes on to explain how these industries started off so little and now they are moving up into bigger and better things. It goes to prove the world is growing thats why the houseing industries are going up.